2020 Vol. 44 No. 9
Abstract：
As a new multi-disciplinary subject, sport tourism has yet no definite discipline attribute.Based on the historical develpment of sport tourism in China, the discipline attribute was analyzed from the perspectives of tourism and sport. With the methods of dependency relationship of the interdisciplinary naming and the subordinate rule as well as the "family similarity" in subordination relations, its terminology system, activity forms, consumer motivation, activity influence, and the basic theory system were discussed. Therefore it is finally stated that sport tourism belongs to the discipline of tourism, which answers the question of its discipline attribute.
As a new multi-disciplinary subject, sport tourism has yet no definite discipline attribute.Based on the historical develpment of sport tourism in China, the discipline attribute was analyzed from the perspectives of tourism and sport. With the methods of dependency relationship of the interdisciplinary naming and the subordinate rule as well as the "family similarity" in subordination relations, its terminology system, activity forms, consumer motivation, activity influence, and the basic theory system were discussed. Therefore it is finally stated that sport tourism belongs to the discipline of tourism, which answers the question of its discipline attribute.
Abstract：
All-for-One sports tourism is a new concept and pattern for the development of sports tourism. Its concept, connotation characteristics, spatial structures and development patterns are the basis of building a theoretical system for All-for-One sports tourism and the guideline of leading the development of All-for-One sports tourism. Through the methods of literature review and logic analysis, it is concluded that All-for-One sports tourism is the integration result of the specific regional sports and tourism integrative development. Sports tourism can be spatially viewed from all respects, carried by all seasons, shared by all people, integrated by all businesses, managed by all sides, and its sports functions can be realized by tourism. The spatial structure presents the evolution process of "point-line-aspect-region".The development patterns of sport tourism include four kinds of patterns from mutualistic symbiosis perspective:the leading pattern, subordinate pattern, symmetry pattern and depending pattern.
All-for-One sports tourism is a new concept and pattern for the development of sports tourism. Its concept, connotation characteristics, spatial structures and development patterns are the basis of building a theoretical system for All-for-One sports tourism and the guideline of leading the development of All-for-One sports tourism. Through the methods of literature review and logic analysis, it is concluded that All-for-One sports tourism is the integration result of the specific regional sports and tourism integrative development. Sports tourism can be spatially viewed from all respects, carried by all seasons, shared by all people, integrated by all businesses, managed by all sides, and its sports functions can be realized by tourism. The spatial structure presents the evolution process of "point-line-aspect-region".The development patterns of sport tourism include four kinds of patterns from mutualistic symbiosis perspective:the leading pattern, subordinate pattern, symmetry pattern and depending pattern.
Abstract：
The tourism effect of urban Marathon is a multi-level and multi-field transitive change produced by the interactive development of Marathon events and urban tourism environment, including economic, social and spatial effects. Adopting a semi-quantitative method combining "relationship test" and "perception measurement", the impact of Chinese Marathon events on urban tourism is evaluated by selecting the four international Marathons of Beijing, Shanghai, Xiamen and Dalian as analysis objects. The results show that the comprehensive effect evaluation value of urban Marathon tourism is Ai=4.12, which is in the upper middle level; urban social effect(Ai=4.15)> economic effect(Ai=4.11)> spatial effect(Ai=4.09). It is proposed that the Marathon race, as a catalyst for urban development, carries the hope of modern urban evolution and selfrenewal, and is related to more ambitious government public policies because it affects the variation of urban competitive status in the post-industrial era; the impact and depth of Marathon events in the development of urban tourism depend on local governments'values and systems arrangements and innovative measures; critical factors to enhance the tourism effect of urban Marathon in China include:to innovate the production and service model of urban Marathon events, to create a benign mechanism for the sustainable development of event tourism, and to make Marathon events a core tourism event for sustainable urban development.
The tourism effect of urban Marathon is a multi-level and multi-field transitive change produced by the interactive development of Marathon events and urban tourism environment, including economic, social and spatial effects. Adopting a semi-quantitative method combining "relationship test" and "perception measurement", the impact of Chinese Marathon events on urban tourism is evaluated by selecting the four international Marathons of Beijing, Shanghai, Xiamen and Dalian as analysis objects. The results show that the comprehensive effect evaluation value of urban Marathon tourism is Ai=4.12, which is in the upper middle level; urban social effect(Ai=4.15)> economic effect(Ai=4.11)> spatial effect(Ai=4.09). It is proposed that the Marathon race, as a catalyst for urban development, carries the hope of modern urban evolution and selfrenewal, and is related to more ambitious government public policies because it affects the variation of urban competitive status in the post-industrial era; the impact and depth of Marathon events in the development of urban tourism depend on local governments'values and systems arrangements and innovative measures; critical factors to enhance the tourism effect of urban Marathon in China include:to innovate the production and service model of urban Marathon events, to create a benign mechanism for the sustainable development of event tourism, and to make Marathon events a core tourism event for sustainable urban development.
Abstract：
In order to understand the practice of adventure sports tourism, the various relationships of motivation, positive emotion and willingness are analyzed according to the investigations and empirical researches based on the marginal risk theory. The result shows that the internal motivation and exogenous atmosphere promote the emotions of tourists participation in tourism positively.Perceived risk plays a positive role in the path of "psychology-emotion" and "atmosphere-emotion".Positive emotions improve the attachment of tourists and spread their revisited wishes.
In order to understand the practice of adventure sports tourism, the various relationships of motivation, positive emotion and willingness are analyzed according to the investigations and empirical researches based on the marginal risk theory. The result shows that the internal motivation and exogenous atmosphere promote the emotions of tourists participation in tourism positively.Perceived risk plays a positive role in the path of "psychology-emotion" and "atmosphere-emotion".Positive emotions improve the attachment of tourists and spread their revisited wishes.
Abstract：
Based on the middle-level theory, the integrity, self-consistency and practical guidance in school physical education theoretical system are analyzed and also compared with the theoritical connstruction of sport culture theory in schools of Japan. It holds that the weakness of middle-level theoretical research on school physical education leads to the problems of "hollowing out" of school physical education theoretical system, "misreading" of guiding ideology and "chaos" in curriculum reform practice. In order to realize the goal of "creating national sports culture", the sports culture theory, which is composed of a series of supporting theories, including sports skills teaching system, group learning and physical education curriculum content and teaching material compilation, not only promotes the development of theory and practice of school physical education, but also provides a successful model for the middle-level theory research of school physical education. Hence it holds that a complete theoretical system of school physical education should be a network structure consisting of three levels:"macro-thoughts-middle-level theories-practical methods". The middle-level theory of school physical education, as the linkage of the macroscopic guiding ideology and the concrete teaching practice, is the manifestation of the realization mechanism of a school physical education thought, and the basis of guiding the construction of the content and method of school physical education practice.Therefore the middle-level theory of school physical education construction helps various schools to better understand the formation of the thought on physical education in its historical background, connotaton, realization machanism and practice method.
Based on the middle-level theory, the integrity, self-consistency and practical guidance in school physical education theoretical system are analyzed and also compared with the theoritical connstruction of sport culture theory in schools of Japan. It holds that the weakness of middle-level theoretical research on school physical education leads to the problems of "hollowing out" of school physical education theoretical system, "misreading" of guiding ideology and "chaos" in curriculum reform practice. In order to realize the goal of "creating national sports culture", the sports culture theory, which is composed of a series of supporting theories, including sports skills teaching system, group learning and physical education curriculum content and teaching material compilation, not only promotes the development of theory and practice of school physical education, but also provides a successful model for the middle-level theory research of school physical education. Hence it holds that a complete theoretical system of school physical education should be a network structure consisting of three levels:"macro-thoughts-middle-level theories-practical methods". The middle-level theory of school physical education, as the linkage of the macroscopic guiding ideology and the concrete teaching practice, is the manifestation of the realization mechanism of a school physical education thought, and the basis of guiding the construction of the content and method of school physical education practice.Therefore the middle-level theory of school physical education construction helps various schools to better understand the formation of the thought on physical education in its historical background, connotaton, realization machanism and practice method.
Abstract：
Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality.Reducing physical inactivity is one of the most important topics in the public health in the 21st century.Measuring, surveilling and assessing the energy expenditure and intensity of physical activities are inevitable steps of finding solutions.The Compendium of Physical Activities, as a resource for assessing and categorizing the energy expenditure of physical activities, was invented by Ainsworth et al. in the United States. Since its first publication in 1993, it has been widely recognized and applied abroad and it has completed two updates in 2000 and 2011. However, in China, it was not well-known and less applied with inconsistent translations.So, under the permission of Ainsworth, the main creator of the Compendium of Physical Activities, the translation group translated the 2011 version into Chinese and interviewed Ainsworth.The history, content, Chinese translation, situational application and future plans of the Compendium of Physical Activities are comprehensively introduced, aiming to promote this tool that directly quantifies the energy expenditure of physical activities, standardize its Chinese translation, promote its awareness and flexibility of applications, and finally push the development of physical activity research and practice in China.
Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality.Reducing physical inactivity is one of the most important topics in the public health in the 21st century.Measuring, surveilling and assessing the energy expenditure and intensity of physical activities are inevitable steps of finding solutions.The Compendium of Physical Activities, as a resource for assessing and categorizing the energy expenditure of physical activities, was invented by Ainsworth et al. in the United States. Since its first publication in 1993, it has been widely recognized and applied abroad and it has completed two updates in 2000 and 2011. However, in China, it was not well-known and less applied with inconsistent translations.So, under the permission of Ainsworth, the main creator of the Compendium of Physical Activities, the translation group translated the 2011 version into Chinese and interviewed Ainsworth.The history, content, Chinese translation, situational application and future plans of the Compendium of Physical Activities are comprehensively introduced, aiming to promote this tool that directly quantifies the energy expenditure of physical activities, standardize its Chinese translation, promote its awareness and flexibility of applications, and finally push the development of physical activity research and practice in China.
Abstract：
The Adolescent Sports Culture Environment Questionnaire was designed to explore the effect of sport cultural stratification on adolescent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), then 1 561 Chinese adolescents were recruited to complete the questionnaire and accelerometer tracking. The results showed that ①there are significant differences of MVPA in both genders and urban-suburbans on weekdays or weekends(P < 0.05), with a higher value for boys than for girls, urbans higher than suburbans; no significant differences of gender or urban-suburb were found in school sport culture and social sport culture(P>0.05). The gender difference of family sport culture was not significant(P>0.05), though a significant difference between urbansuburbans was found with a higher value in urbans(P < 0.01). ②The urban adolescent MVPA could be predicted through social sport culture directly, or through the chain mediating effects of school sport culture and family sport culture; while social sport culture could predict the suburban adolescent MVPA directly, but it could do so only through the mediating effects of school sport culture. The mechanism of sport cultural stratification influencing adolescents'physical activity was explained to some extent. It suggests that family sports culture may be an important factor in the urban-suburban difference of adolescent physical activity.
The Adolescent Sports Culture Environment Questionnaire was designed to explore the effect of sport cultural stratification on adolescent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), then 1 561 Chinese adolescents were recruited to complete the questionnaire and accelerometer tracking. The results showed that ①there are significant differences of MVPA in both genders and urban-suburbans on weekdays or weekends(P < 0.05), with a higher value for boys than for girls, urbans higher than suburbans; no significant differences of gender or urban-suburb were found in school sport culture and social sport culture(P>0.05). The gender difference of family sport culture was not significant(P>0.05), though a significant difference between urbansuburbans was found with a higher value in urbans(P < 0.01). ②The urban adolescent MVPA could be predicted through social sport culture directly, or through the chain mediating effects of school sport culture and family sport culture; while social sport culture could predict the suburban adolescent MVPA directly, but it could do so only through the mediating effects of school sport culture. The mechanism of sport cultural stratification influencing adolescents'physical activity was explained to some extent. It suggests that family sports culture may be an important factor in the urban-suburban difference of adolescent physical activity.
Abstract：
Toto is the type of lottery which mainly takes football match results as the guessing object with the highest proportion of sports lottery sales and the largest amount of public fund in China. At present, only a small percentage of lottery public fund is allocated to football causes, which is against the principle that "comes from the people and benefit the people".It fails to meet the policy requirements of the "General Plan of the Football Reform and Development in China", or the general practice of the international lottery industry.On the basis of complying with existing regulations and the interests of existing entities, the Pareto improvement ideas were applied.That is, the incremental public fund of the Toto should be moderately diverted to football causes.This improvement process is suggested to be carried out steadily in stages; the special Funds should be earmarked for youth football causes to bridge its huge funding gap and highlight its significance. At the same time, an independent supervision audit institution should be established with timely detailed release of its use and proper coordination with other institutions.
Toto is the type of lottery which mainly takes football match results as the guessing object with the highest proportion of sports lottery sales and the largest amount of public fund in China. At present, only a small percentage of lottery public fund is allocated to football causes, which is against the principle that "comes from the people and benefit the people".It fails to meet the policy requirements of the "General Plan of the Football Reform and Development in China", or the general practice of the international lottery industry.On the basis of complying with existing regulations and the interests of existing entities, the Pareto improvement ideas were applied.That is, the incremental public fund of the Toto should be moderately diverted to football causes.This improvement process is suggested to be carried out steadily in stages; the special Funds should be earmarked for youth football causes to bridge its huge funding gap and highlight its significance. At the same time, an independent supervision audit institution should be established with timely detailed release of its use and proper coordination with other institutions.
Abstract：
To further reveal the influence mechanism of leisure sports on well-being of the elderly people, the self-efficacy and flow experience were applied as mediating variables, and the structural equation model method was used to study the happiness of senior people who participated in the square dance. The results find that:Leisure involvement has a significantly positive impact on self-efficacy, flow experience and well-being; The significantly positive impact of self-efficacy on flow experience and the impact of flow experience on wellbeing are supported; Flow experience has a partial mediating role in the positive impact of leisure involvement on well-being; Self-efficacy also has a mediating effect, but it has indirect impact on well-being only when working with flow experience.
To further reveal the influence mechanism of leisure sports on well-being of the elderly people, the self-efficacy and flow experience were applied as mediating variables, and the structural equation model method was used to study the happiness of senior people who participated in the square dance. The results find that:Leisure involvement has a significantly positive impact on self-efficacy, flow experience and well-being; The significantly positive impact of self-efficacy on flow experience and the impact of flow experience on wellbeing are supported; Flow experience has a partial mediating role in the positive impact of leisure involvement on well-being; Self-efficacy also has a mediating effect, but it has indirect impact on well-being only when working with flow experience.