Translation of Ice Sports: Ice Hockey Events and Social Participation in the Modern Peking and Tianjin Region

Ice hockey was brought into the traditional winter sports region of Peking and Tianjin by foreigners along with the opening of ports in modern times, and gradually gained the attention and participation of Chinese people at that time due to its Western culture elements. Through the analysis of relevant historical materials in newspapers and magazines, it is believed that, as aliens, they held ice hockey competitions in the Peking and Tianjin Concession, which led to the diffusion of ice hockey, a Western style sport, from the Concession to schools and even society, following the rules and models imitated by the Chinese people. The ice hockey competitions in modern times in the Peking and Tianjin region can be divided into three categories: inter school ice hockey competitions, social ice hockey competitions, and ice hockey competitions between Chinese and foreigners. The translation process of ice hockey in modern times is limited by expensive equipment, high difficulty ice skating techniques, etc., therefore, its participation is limited to a niche elite group. Compared with Western ice skating, another form of ice sports, Western ice skating has won higher public participation in a leisure and social way outside of the speed competition mode.