Effect of Long-term Altitude Training on Exercise Performance of Elite Male Rowers
-
摘要:目的 以优秀男子赛艇运动员为研究对象,探讨长时间高原训练对其运动能力的影响。方法 本次8周高原训练的主要内容为中低强度有氧耐力训练,每7天为1个训练周,每个训练周包含2个小周期。分别在高原训练前、高原训练结束后第1周、高原训练结束后第3周进行运动能力、身体成分、身体质量等指标的测试。结果 ① 与高原训练前比较,高原训练后运动员的体质量未发生显著变化,但体脂率显著降低,血红蛋白浓度显著升高;②下高原后第1周最大摄氧量显著提高,但专项能力测试中的测功仪2 km成绩(t2 km),递增负荷测试2 mmol·L-1、4 mmol·L-1乳酸对应的功率(W2、W4)均未见显著改善;至下高原后第3周,W2有显著提高的趋势,W4较高原前显著提高,t2 km亦显著改善。结论 以中低强度有氧训练为主的8周长时间高原训练可显著改善赛艇运动员的最大摄氧量、无氧阈水平和专项最大运动能力,但不会对体质量造成显著影响;与下高原后第1周比较,下高原后第3周表现出更好的竞技状态。Abstract:Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long altitude training on exercise performance of elite male rowers.Methods The altitude training (altitude≈2.3 km) last eight weeks and was divided into two phases, seven days a training week. Every training-week contained two small training steps. Before and after altitude training, the body weight, body composition, etc. were measured.Results (1) Compared with the pre-altitude training, the body weight had no obvious change, but both the fat decreased and hemoglobin concentration increased significantly. (2) In the test of 1st week after altitude training, the 2 km all-out and anaerobic threshold showed no significant change except maximal oxygen uptake. However, in the test of third week after altitude, the 2 km all-out time and anaerobic threshold power increased significantly.Conclusions the 8-week-long and low-middle intensity aerobic altitude training can improve the VO2 max, anaerobic threshold and maximal specific performance of elite rowers effectively but no significant influence on body weight. After altitude training, rowers show a better competitive state in the third week than the first week.
-
近年来,随着体育服务综合体概念在我国的逐步升温,体育场景营造也受到了广泛关注。一方面,诸多大中型体育场馆逐渐在布局“体育业态”的基础上丰富“非体育业态”,以优化服务场景,改善消费体验。另一方面,越来越多的消费空间(如商业综合体、旅游景区等)也开始重视营造体育场景,利用体育场景吸引客流。体育场景与消费者行为之间究竟存在何种关系?如何根据其中的关系为体育场景营造与改善消费者体验提供理论指导?2020年5月,美国印第安纳大学Jang Wooyoung等学者为验证美国四大职业体育联盟的体育场景与观众情感和行为意图之间的关系,通过在线调查收集了1 194名受访者的数据,并运用验证性因子分析和结构方程模型检验了相关假设。结果显示:体育场景在不同程度上影响美国四大职业体育联盟中观众的情感,观众的积极情感和行为意图显著相关,情感因素在体育场景和行为意图之间的关系中存在中介效应。
该研究对我国职业体育的体育场景营造具有重要启示:①从消费者体验的视角构建不同类型体育场景的测量量表,为识别并优化体育场景奠定基础。②结合前述量表,针对具体职业体育项目开展相应体育场景消费者感知调查,识别体育场景不同维度的短板,改造并不断优化体育场景。③体育场景至少应具有物理、社会、虚拟、商业、心理等维度,但从目前我国公共体育场馆“两改”实践看,很多体育场馆只注重物理维度的改造,缺乏对其他维度的改造,未来体育场景的营造需要开发社会、虚拟、心理等不同场景元素。④不同消费场景连接不畅问题在我国职业体育场馆发展中表现突出,因此,应注重体育场景与娱乐、休闲、教育、商业等不同消费场景的有效连接,充分发挥体育场景的“引流”作用和其他场景的“变现”优势,推动体育与相关产业的融合发展,完善职业体育商业模式。
-
表 1 赛艇运动员8周高原训练的主要内容
Table 1 Main training contents of rowers during eight-week altitude training
阶段 周次 每周课次 每周训练时间/min 每周训练距离/km 训练强度(血乳酸浓度Bla)/(mmol·L-1) 每周力量训练/t 第1阶段 第1~2周 15 1 350 189.5 以Bla 1~2 mmol·L-1有氧训练为主 180 第3~4周 16 1 500 238 以Bla 1~2 mmol·L-1有氧训练为主;穿插Bla 2~3 mmol·L-1,60~90 min 135 第5周 调整周,减量20% 第2阶段 第6~7周 16 1 470 230 以Bla 1~2 mmol·L-1有氧训练为主;穿插Bla 2~4 mmol·L-1,90~120 min 106 第8周前3天 8 735 115 以Bla 1~2 mmol·L-1有氧训练为主;穿插Bla 2~4 mmol·L-1,50 min 50 第8周后3天 下高原前调整,减量30% 表 2 高原训练前后运动员体质量、体脂、血红蛋白浓度的变化
Table 2 Change of body mass, body fat percent and blood hemoglobin concentration of rowers pre- and post-altitude training
指标 高原训练前 下高原后第1天 P值 体质量/kg 93.71±6.15 93.35±6.03 0.476 体脂率/% 13.36±2.54 12.26±1.71 0.002 Hgb/(g·L-1) 148.13±9.25 163.00±10.15 <0.001 表 3 高原训练前后运动员运动能力的变化
Table 3 Change of exercise performance of rowers pre- and post- altitude training
指标 高原训练前 下高原后第1周 P1 下高原后第3周 P2 最大摄氧量/(mL·min) 6 054.35±543.07 6 244.41±495.16 0.021 t2 km/s 371.90±8.50 369.90±8.40 0.415 366.90±8.50 0.025 W2/W 266.35±26.24 271.24±29.01 0.526 280.88±19.32 0.057 W4/W 327.18±19.21 337.82±24.05 0.069 345.82±27.18 0.005 注:①t2 km表示全力完成测功仪2 km测试所用时间;W2和W4分别表示6级递增负荷测试过程中血乳酸浓度为2 mmol·L-1和4 mmol·L-1时对应的功率;②P1为高原前与高原后第1周配对t检验所得的P值,P2为高原训练前与下高原后第3周配对t检验所得的P值 -
[1] HAGERMAN F C.Applied physiology of rowing[J].Sports Med, 1984, 1(4):303-326 doi: 10.2165/00007256-198401040-00005
[2] DE CAMPOS MELLO F, DE MORAES BERTUZZI R C.Energy systems contributions in 2000 m race simulation:A comparison among rowing ergometers and water[J].Eur J Appl Physiol, 2009, 107(5):615-619 doi: 10.1007/s00421-009-1172-9
[3] HAGERMAN F C, CONNORS M C, GAULT J A, et al.Energy expenditure during simulated rowing[J].J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, 1978, 45(1):87-93 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/670038
[4] LEVINE B D, STRAY-GUNDERSEN J.Dose-response of altitude training:How much altitude is enough?[J].Adv Exp Med Biol, 2006, 588:233-247 doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-34817-9
[5] WEHRLIN J P, ZUEST P, HALLEN J, et al.Live high-train low for 24 days increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite endurance athletes[J].J Appl Physiol, 2006, 100(6):1938-1945 doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01284.2005
[6] GORE C J, CLARK S A, SAUNDERS P U.Nonhematological mechanisms of improved sea-level performance after hypoxic exposure[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2007, 39(9):1600-1609 doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3180de49d3
[7] TOWNSEND N E, GORE C J, HAHN A G, et al.Living high-training low increases hypoxic ventilatory response of well-trained endurance athletes[J].J Appl Physiol, 2002, 93(4):1498-1505 doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00381.2002
[8] MAHER J T, JONES L G, HARTLEY L H.Effects of high-altitude exposure on submaximal endurance capacity of men[J].J Appl Physiol, 1974, 37(6):895-898 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1974.37.6.895
[9] 马国强, 李之俊, 梁效忠, 等.4周1900 m高原训练对男子短距离自行车运动员无氧代谢能力的影响[J].中国体育科技, 2013, 49(4):60-67 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-9826.2013.04.010 [10] PUGLIESE L, SERPIELLO F R, MILLET G P, et al.Training diaries during altitude training camp in two Olympic Champions:An observational case study[J].J Sports Sci Med, 2014, 13(3):666-672 http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4126307/
[11] POTTGIESSER T, AHLGRIM C, RUTHARDT S, et al.Hemoglobin mass after 21 days of conventional altitude training at 1816 m[J].J Sci Med Sport, 2009, 12(6):673-675 doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.06.005
[12] GARVICAN-LEWIS L A, HALLIDAY I, ABBISS C R, et al.Altitude exposure at 1800 m increases haemoglobin mass in distance runners[J].J Sports Sci Med, 2015, 14(2):413-417 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=Doaj000003865792
[13] HEINICKE K, HEINICKE I, SCHMIDT W, et al.A three-week traditional altitude training increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite biathlon athletes[J].Int J Sports Med, 2005, 26(5):350-355 doi: 10.1055/s-2004-821052
[14] PYNE D B.Performance and physiological changes in highly trained swimmers during altitude training[J].Coaching Sport Sci J, 1998(3):42-48
[15] MIYASHITA M, MUTOH Y, YAMAMOTO Y.Altitude training for improving swimming performance at sea level[J].Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med, 1988, 37(2):111-116 doi: 10.7600/jspfsm1949.37.111
[16] WOODS A L, SHARMA A P, GARVICAN-LEWIS L A, et al.Four weeks of classical altitude training increases resting metabolic rate in highly trained middle-distance runners[J].Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2017, 27(1):83-90 doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0116
[17] MARTINO M, MYERS K, BISHOP P.Effects of 21 days training at altitude on sea-level anaerobic performance in competitive swimmers[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1995, 27(s1):S7 http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Citation/1995/05001/EFFECTS_OF_21_DAYS_TRAINING_AT_ALTITUDE_ON.37.aspx
[18] 冯连世.高原训练及其研究现状(待续)[J].体育科学, 1999, 19(5):64-66 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-677X.1999.05.016 [19] 冯连世.高原训练及其研究现状(续完)[J].体育科学, 1999, 19(6):66-71 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-677X.1999.06.017 [20] GREEN H J, SUTTON J R, CYMERMAN A, et al.Operation Everest Ⅱ:Adaptations in human skeletal muscle[J].J Appl Physiol, 1989, 66(5):2454-2461 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.5.2454
[21] MACDOUGALL J D, GREEN H J, SUTTON J R, et al.Operation Everest Ⅱ:Structural adaptations in skeletal muscle in response to extreme simulated altitude[J].Acta Physiol Scand, 1991, 142(3):421-427 doi: 10.1111/apha.1991.142.issue-3
[22] 江崇民, 张一民.身体成分测量与评价的理论和方法[J].体育科研, 2008, 29(1):1-8[23] BROZEK J, GRANDE F, ANDERSON J T, et al.Densitometric analysis of body composition:Revision of some quantitative assumptions[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1963, 110:113-140 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-1207.2008.01.001 [23] BROZEK J, GRANDE F, ANDERSON J T, et al.Densitometric analysis of body composition:Revision of some quantitative assumptions[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1963, 110:113-140 doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb17079.x/abstract
[24] STEINACKER J, LORMES W, LEHMANN M, et al.Training of rowers before world championships[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1998, 30(7):1158-1163 doi: 10.1097/00005768-199807000-00022
[25] GUELLICH A, SEILER S, EMRICH E.Training methods and intensity distribution of young world-class rowers[J].Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 2009, 4(4):448-460 doi: 10.1123/ijspp.4.4.448
[26] STEINACKER J.Physiological aspects of training in rowing[J].Int J Sports Med, 1993, 14(S1):S3-S10 http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/8262704
[27] SEILER K S, KJERLAND G O.Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes:Is there evidence for an "optimal" distribution?[J].Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2006, 16(1):49-56 doi: 10.1111/sms.2006.16.issue-1
[28] FISKERSTRAND A, SEILER K.Training and performance characteristics among Norwegian International Rowers 1970-2001[J].Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2004(14)5:303-310 doi: 10.1046/j.1600-0838.2003.370.x/pdf
[29] CHAPMAN R F, LAYMON S A, LUNDBY C, et al.Timing of return from altitude training for optimal sea level performance[J].J Appl Physiol, 2014, 116(7):837-843 doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00663.2013
[30] Millet G P, Roels B, Schmitt L, et al.Combining hypoxic methods for peak performance[J].Sports Med, 2010, 40(1):1-25 doi: 10.2165-11317920-000000000-00000/
-
期刊类型引用(8)
1. 陈磊,陈元欣,吕万刚. 城市商业综合体体育场景:生成逻辑、内涵特征与价值表达. 上海体育学院学报. 2024(01): 59-71+81 . 百度学术
2. 时宵,陈元欣,陈磊,刘恒. 体育服务综合体消费场景维度设计与营造策略. 体育与科学. 2024(01): 106-113 . 百度学术
3. 甯琪. 体育运动项目助力商贸经济发展的路径探析. 文体用品与科技. 2024(11): 73-75 . 百度学术
4. 周学龙. 体育服务行业标准化管理的机制与实施策略研究——以运动员培训和赛事组织为例. 中国标准化. 2024(13): 101-104 . 百度学术
5. 陈利. 我国冰雪体育休闲产业服务综合体消费场景品质提升研究. 冰雪运动. 2024(05): 81-85 . 百度学术
6. 焦陈旺,王杰. 长三角一体化背景下安徽省体育赛事发展现状与未来出路. 黄山学院学报. 2024(05): 98-101 . 百度学术
7. 罗朝中,张德胜. 适老化数字体育中三重互动关系的逻辑建构——基于可供性视角下老年行动者实践行为研究. 体育科学. 2023(10): 26-33+44 . 百度学术
8. 陈元欣,郑芒芒,张强,周彪,刘恒,时宵. 新时代我国体育场地设施高质量发展的价值意蕴与行动方略. 天津体育学院学报. 2022(06): 704-710 . 百度学术
其他类型引用(4)
计量
- 文章访问数: 134
- HTML全文浏览量: 46
- PDF下载量: 16
- 被引次数: 12