Effect of Parents Factors on the Leisure-time Physical Activity of Their Children Based on Gender Perspectives
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摘要: 以上海市部分儿童与其父母为调查和测量对象，从性别差异角度探讨父母因素（包括父母支持、父母体力活动）对子女闲暇时间体力活动的影响。结果显示：儿童闲暇时间中高强度体力活动时间为19 min/d，男童参与体力活动较女童更为积极；父母对男童或女童体力活动的后勤支持与直观表率均无显著性差异；父亲直观表率和自身体力活动水平对男童体力活动水平有显著性影响，而母亲的直观表率对女童体力活动水平有显著性影响；父母因素对男童体力活动方差的贡献率高于女童。表明：父母支持与自身参与体力活动对子女体力活动水平有显著性影响，且其对男童的影响大于女童；父母对子女参与体力活动具有同性影响的特征。Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of parental support and physical activity (PA) level of parents on the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of their children, based on the survey of children and their parents in Shanghai.The gender difference was also examined.Parental support was composed of two dimensions such as logistic support and explicit modeling.The findings of this study indicated that the average MVPA time of Children was 19mins/day.Furthermore, boys were physically active than girls but no significant differences in logistic support of parents between boys and girls were detected.Regression results indicated that the variance of MVPA of boys was explained by fathers' explicit modeling and PA participation, while the variance of MVPA of girls was explained by mothers' explicit modeling.It is concluded that parental support and PA level significantly influenced MVPA time of their son or daughters.Furthermore, parental influence on their sons was higher than that on their daughters.The parental influence was characterized by the same-sex effect.
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Keywords:
- parental support /
- physical activity /
- children /
- gender differences
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体育研究以人为对象，具有生动的案例场景和鲜活、独特的样本特征。在体育领域采用案例研究往往聚焦于剖析某一体育组织、体育赛事等案例的过程、特征或路径等。然而，体育案例研究应基于中国体育制度、发展阶段、现实条件和改革壁垒等社会性因素，以及体育教学、科学训练和健康促进等生物性因素的具体情境，构建本土化理论体系。中国体育发展之路为构建本土化体育理论提供了坚实的基础。一方面，扎根中国体育现场作为体育案例研究的新视域。在研究过程中，因体育技能教学、体育赛事组织、训练计划制订、体育组织管理和体育技能评价等具有独特的学科特征，研究者应重视观察、参与、访谈、归纳、提炼和总结等实践性过程。依据案例研究“前因状况—事件·活动·选择—结果事件”的过程理论，采用目的性或理论性抽样的原则，遵循“什么人（Who）”“什么事（What）”“在哪里（Where）”“怎么样（How）”“为什么（Why）”的研究思路，以分析现实困境并与理论对话、综述文献并回顾研究现状、呈现案例并突出具体情境、分析理论并提出理论模型为研究框架，进行探索式或解释性案例分析，可探索运动训练、体育教学、体育管理、体育文化等领域所蕴含的理论。另一方面，构建中国体育理论成为体育案例研究的新目标。理论既是实践发展的指引，也是学术研究的目标。以国外体育或相关领域理论解释中国体育现象，通过训练指标检测评价训练质量，以及就体育社会现象进行表浅分析或成为当前我国体育领域研究的常态。体育案例研究应以学科知识为基础，深入体育教学、运动训练、体育竞赛、全民健身、体育管理等现场，按照“突出情景—展示过程—揭示关系”的分析逻辑，从指导科学系统的运动训练实践中提炼具有推广、示范价值的训练规律和方案，从源远流长的民族体育文化中挖掘体育文化传承、传播和传递的本质属性和路径等。显然，体育案例研究不同于自然和社会学科领域的案例研究，研究者身居其中从体育实践中了解那些不可被量化甚至难以察觉但影响重大的训练、教学、政策等社会性、生物性因素，阐释中国体育发展的历史地位和普遍意义，形成对中国本土体育实践发展具有指导性、推广性、复制性价值的成果。
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表 1 不同性别儿童闲暇时间体力活动父母支持的差异(N=216)
Table 1 Differences in parental support of leisure-timephysical activity of children by gender
性别 人数 MVPA时间(均值±标准差)/min t P 一周闲暇时间体力活动 男 116 21.89±19.21 2.641* 0.026 女 100 16.13±11.15 工作日闲暇时间体力活动 男 116 17.36±18.71 2.038* 0.043 女 100 13.19±8.92 周末体力活动 男 116 26.22±27.85 2.247* 0.026 女 100 19.06±16.67 父亲后勤支持 男 116 10.67±2.28 0.689 0.492 女 100 10.45±2.41 母亲后勤支持 男 116 10.49±2.66 -0.260 0.795 女 100 10.58±2.19 父亲直观表率 男 116 12.34±3.69 -1.012 0.313 女 100 12.89±4.09 母亲直观表率 男 116 11.84±3.81 -0.774 0.440 女 100 12.23±3.46 注：*表示P < 0.05，表 2同此 
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表 2 男童闲暇时间MVPA父母影响回归分析(N=116)
Table 2 Regression analysis of parental influence on boys'leisure-time MVPA
模型 变量 R R2 Radj2 B 标准误 β 1 0.209 0.044 0.025 年级 1.645 0.803 0.199* BMI 2.162 4.357 0.048 2 0.458 0.209 0.097 年级 1.643 0.807 0.195 BMI 2.334 4.145 0.052 父亲后勤支持 -1.438 1.021 -0.177 母亲后勤支持 0.400 1.021 0.058 父亲直观表率 1.170 0.589 0.247 * 母亲直观表率 -0.384 0.712 -0.078 父亲体力活动 2.610 1.009 0.293 * 母亲体力活动 0.012 0.965 0.293 注:R为复相关系数，R2为判定系数，Radj2为调整后的判定系数，B为非标准化回归系数
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表 3 女童闲暇时间MVPA父母影响回归分析(N=100)
Table 3 Regression analysis of parental influence on girls'leisure-time MVPA
模型 变量 R R2 Radj2 B 标准误 β 1 0.131 0.017 0.006 年级 -0.675 0.575 -0.127 BMI -5.91 2.587 -0.025 2 0.369 0.136 0.049 年级 -0.138 0.595 -0.026 BMI 0.677 2.596 0.028 父亲后勤支持 1.220 0.804 0.273 母亲后勤支持 0.242 0.832 -0.049 父亲直观表率 -0.431 0.457 -0.162 母亲直观表率 1.005 0.518 0.323 父亲体力活动 -3.767 3.366 -0.157 母亲体力活动 0.437 0.717 0.085
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