2018 Vol. 42 No. 3
Abstract：
The lack of standards leads to many problems of sport development of adolescents in China.Following the principles of showing individuals' motor ability and the motor level changes, and promoting their motor involvement, "The Standard Test of Sport Skill Level for Adolescents", has been built."The Standard" involves 4 grades and 12 levels, on the basis of the present "Standards of Motor Skill Levels for Athletes" in existence."The Standard" pinpoints the era requirements for the adolescents' sport development, reflects the laws of motor skill promotion, integrates the needs of diverse subjects and facilitates the practical operation.Its significance lies in the fact that it clarifies the suspicion of the public to the function of physical education, constructs the education criteria for physical education in higher education institutes and advances the integration of curricula of primary schools, middle schools and higher education institutes.
The lack of standards leads to many problems of sport development of adolescents in China.Following the principles of showing individuals' motor ability and the motor level changes, and promoting their motor involvement, "The Standard Test of Sport Skill Level for Adolescents", has been built."The Standard" involves 4 grades and 12 levels, on the basis of the present "Standards of Motor Skill Levels for Athletes" in existence."The Standard" pinpoints the era requirements for the adolescents' sport development, reflects the laws of motor skill promotion, integrates the needs of diverse subjects and facilitates the practical operation.Its significance lies in the fact that it clarifies the suspicion of the public to the function of physical education, constructs the education criteria for physical education in higher education institutes and advances the integration of curricula of primary schools, middle schools and higher education institutes.
Abstract：
The assessment of fundamental movement skills (FMS) has become one of the most focused research topics in physical education.The study reviews and introduces a series of 10 FMS assessments with acceptable reliability and validity across the global.The properties and trends about the assessments of FMS can be summarized as high standardization, qualitative orientation, normative modal reference evaluation application, computer-assisted motor test system, etc.The study offers the implication for the assessment of FMS in China:to introduce the advanced theory and method of FMS, to promote the reliability and validity test of FMS assessment in children and adolescents; to quicken the steps of the research and development of FMS assessment based on the data of children and adolescents in mainland China.
The assessment of fundamental movement skills (FMS) has become one of the most focused research topics in physical education.The study reviews and introduces a series of 10 FMS assessments with acceptable reliability and validity across the global.The properties and trends about the assessments of FMS can be summarized as high standardization, qualitative orientation, normative modal reference evaluation application, computer-assisted motor test system, etc.The study offers the implication for the assessment of FMS in China:to introduce the advanced theory and method of FMS, to promote the reliability and validity test of FMS assessment in children and adolescents; to quicken the steps of the research and development of FMS assessment based on the data of children and adolescents in mainland China.
Abstract：
The study reviews the social capital theory's development, connotation, research level and origin in sports research as well as its research object and measurement methods.The study believes that the research object can be divided into two categories including the individuals and organizations; and the research level can be divided into three levels, that is, micro, meso and macro.In terms of the measurement methods, they include three levels:the micro social capital measurement, which is represented by nomination and positioning methods; the method of meso (including macro) social capital measurement, represented by different dimensions and different indicators; and the whole network method of measuring social capital.With its present situation in the field of sports research, the study points out its future research topics and directions.
The study reviews the social capital theory's development, connotation, research level and origin in sports research as well as its research object and measurement methods.The study believes that the research object can be divided into two categories including the individuals and organizations; and the research level can be divided into three levels, that is, micro, meso and macro.In terms of the measurement methods, they include three levels:the micro social capital measurement, which is represented by nomination and positioning methods; the method of meso (including macro) social capital measurement, represented by different dimensions and different indicators; and the whole network method of measuring social capital.With its present situation in the field of sports research, the study points out its future research topics and directions.
Abstract：
The theory of governance, as the major paradigm in the field of global public governance, provides a development mode for the enhancement of human public welfare.And the state governance is Chinese expression of governance theory.The study elaborates the attribute and content of sport industry policy from the perspective of state governance.It holds that sport industry policy is characteristic of public policy, economic and governance.And the content of sport industry policy involves policy value, policy structure, policy process and policy environment.
The theory of governance, as the major paradigm in the field of global public governance, provides a development mode for the enhancement of human public welfare.And the state governance is Chinese expression of governance theory.The study elaborates the attribute and content of sport industry policy from the perspective of state governance.It holds that sport industry policy is characteristic of public policy, economic and governance.And the content of sport industry policy involves policy value, policy structure, policy process and policy environment.
Abstract：
In this study, the five synthetically national fitness indexes, including those of overall, towns, villages, male and female, in the years of 2005, 2010 and 2014, of the 31 provincial areas, were selected.By the use of ESDA (exploratory spatial data analysis) method, the spatial pattern and evolution of the national fitness at provincial areas in China was explored.Results shows:1) For the whole spatial pattern and evolution, it is a spatial agglomeration phenomenon for all the five indexes, with a difference in the trend of concentration degree.The national fitness is relatively stable, while the opposite for urban and rural, male's and female's agglomeration degree of change.2) For the local spatial pattern and evolution, the hot spots of the overall national fitness are in the turn of enhancement into abatement.And in rural areas, the hot spots are moving southward, with a difference between west and east and between urban and rural areas.The northern areas are witness to unbalanced features both for male's and female's; in the south, however, there is a change of balanced features into unbalanced ones.
In this study, the five synthetically national fitness indexes, including those of overall, towns, villages, male and female, in the years of 2005, 2010 and 2014, of the 31 provincial areas, were selected.By the use of ESDA (exploratory spatial data analysis) method, the spatial pattern and evolution of the national fitness at provincial areas in China was explored.Results shows:1) For the whole spatial pattern and evolution, it is a spatial agglomeration phenomenon for all the five indexes, with a difference in the trend of concentration degree.The national fitness is relatively stable, while the opposite for urban and rural, male's and female's agglomeration degree of change.2) For the local spatial pattern and evolution, the hot spots of the overall national fitness are in the turn of enhancement into abatement.And in rural areas, the hot spots are moving southward, with a difference between west and east and between urban and rural areas.The northern areas are witness to unbalanced features both for male's and female's; in the south, however, there is a change of balanced features into unbalanced ones.
Abstract：
Purpose: To investigate the relationship between the spatial features of exercise failities and physical activity in adolescents.
Methods: Participants were 329 students recruited from six junior schools in Beijing.The ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers were applied to measure the light (LPA), moderate (MPA), vigorous (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) in various time segments, i.e., average across a week, weekdays, weekday non-school hours, and weekend days.The spatial features of exercise failities within the neighborhood (1 km, 2 km, 3 km, and 5 km buffer) were analyzed by ArcGIS V10.0 software.
Results: Participants do an average of 39.96±17.19 min/day MVPA and 12.5% of which meet recommended 60 min/day MVPA.Participants are more active on weekdays than on weekend days, and boys are more active than girls.Number of exercise failities within 3 km buffer is positively associated with MPA and MVPA in weekday non-school hours.Number of exercise failities and area proportion of parks within 1 km, 2 km, 3 km, and 5 km buffers are positively associated with MPA on weekend days.Number of exercise failities within the 2 km buffer is positively related to VPA on weekend days.Number of exercise failities within 2 km, 3 km, and 5 km buffers is positively related to MVPA on weekend days.
Conclusion: PA levels of adolescents in Beijing are extremely low.Adolescents are more active on weekdays and boys are more active than girls.Increasing number of exercise failities and park area in the neighborhood may help to promote PA levels during weekday non-school hours and weekend days in adolescents.
Abstract：
Based on the Sina's micro-blog data, the study explored the information dissemination of table tennis and the motivation of its explosive spreading.The results show that Zhang Jike, Malone and other players have played the celebrity effect on the rapid enhancement of table tennis.Zhang's micro-blog tops in hot index, forwarding, comments and other aspects.In term of his blog article content, it is featured with cultural element, colorful pictures and comic tones.The reason of explosive spreading of table tennis, therefore, can be concluded as follows:(1) The innovation of communication concept for International Olympic Committee; (2) The operation of "sports and entertainment collection" for Chinese Table Tennis Team; (3) The shift of table tennis spreading for Sina's micro-blog; (4) The proliferation of micro-bloggers, and the function integration as well as the rules for Sina's micro-blog.
Based on the Sina's micro-blog data, the study explored the information dissemination of table tennis and the motivation of its explosive spreading.The results show that Zhang Jike, Malone and other players have played the celebrity effect on the rapid enhancement of table tennis.Zhang's micro-blog tops in hot index, forwarding, comments and other aspects.In term of his blog article content, it is featured with cultural element, colorful pictures and comic tones.The reason of explosive spreading of table tennis, therefore, can be concluded as follows:(1) The innovation of communication concept for International Olympic Committee; (2) The operation of "sports and entertainment collection" for Chinese Table Tennis Team; (3) The shift of table tennis spreading for Sina's micro-blog; (4) The proliferation of micro-bloggers, and the function integration as well as the rules for Sina's micro-blog.
Abstract：
By adopting the qualitative analysis, the study examined the factors to restrict yoga's development in fitness market.It presented to be an incomplete organization management system, chaotic market operation order, and the construction quality yet to be improved in term of the professional teams, as well as the weak curriculum content system.The study hence put forward the development path in China, that is, to construct Yoga's organization management system, to regulate Yoga's fitness market, to improve the education quality of Yoga professionals and to complete Yoga's curriculum structure system, etc.
By adopting the qualitative analysis, the study examined the factors to restrict yoga's development in fitness market.It presented to be an incomplete organization management system, chaotic market operation order, and the construction quality yet to be improved in term of the professional teams, as well as the weak curriculum content system.The study hence put forward the development path in China, that is, to construct Yoga's organization management system, to regulate Yoga's fitness market, to improve the education quality of Yoga professionals and to complete Yoga's curriculum structure system, etc.
Abstract：
According to the geographical environment and the corresponding survival mode of the ethnic minorities, the heroic epic in China can be divided into two types:grassland nomadic and mountain farming type.The heroic epic of ethnic minorities with a large quantity of "history" and "poetry" contains distinctive content; and it constitutes the basis of wushu weapons, subjects and motif. In essence, it is the ultimate goal of the inheritance and pursuit of Chinese wushu, which is to cultivate the wushu professionals who are able to adapt to the society and promote the society.In terms of the development of heroic epic research, it is suggested that the relationship between wushu and folklore, wushu and aesthetics, wushu and education, etc.should be further explored.
According to the geographical environment and the corresponding survival mode of the ethnic minorities, the heroic epic in China can be divided into two types:grassland nomadic and mountain farming type.The heroic epic of ethnic minorities with a large quantity of "history" and "poetry" contains distinctive content; and it constitutes the basis of wushu weapons, subjects and motif. In essence, it is the ultimate goal of the inheritance and pursuit of Chinese wushu, which is to cultivate the wushu professionals who are able to adapt to the society and promote the society.In terms of the development of heroic epic research, it is suggested that the relationship between wushu and folklore, wushu and aesthetics, wushu and education, etc.should be further explored.
Abstract：
Based on the comprehensive consideration of the practical experience of traditional Chinese medicine standardization, standardization of the necessary aspects of Wushu, as well as the comparability of their standardization fields, the study compared the standardized level between traditional Chinese medicine and Wushu in the aspects of metrology and equipment, packaging and clothing, etc.The study holds that the standardization of traditional Chinese medicine is in general more mature than that of Wushu standardization.Therefore, it is suggested that six measures should be taken in terms of Wushu standardization as follows:Wushu's standardized performance equipment should be based on the tradition, with a highlight of its fighting skills and characteristics.Wushu's standardized clothing should be designed with practical, beautiful and national characteristics as the direction.Wushu ancient books of standardized series should be published and database be built.In the meanwhile, the organization structure should be promoted for the transformation and revision of Wushu standardization.The personnel training and selection mechanism should be constructed to promote the development of Wushu standardization at home and abroad.Last but not least, it should coordinate with the intellectual property strategy, supported by system theory and synergetic theory.
Based on the comprehensive consideration of the practical experience of traditional Chinese medicine standardization, standardization of the necessary aspects of Wushu, as well as the comparability of their standardization fields, the study compared the standardized level between traditional Chinese medicine and Wushu in the aspects of metrology and equipment, packaging and clothing, etc.The study holds that the standardization of traditional Chinese medicine is in general more mature than that of Wushu standardization.Therefore, it is suggested that six measures should be taken in terms of Wushu standardization as follows:Wushu's standardized performance equipment should be based on the tradition, with a highlight of its fighting skills and characteristics.Wushu's standardized clothing should be designed with practical, beautiful and national characteristics as the direction.Wushu ancient books of standardized series should be published and database be built.In the meanwhile, the organization structure should be promoted for the transformation and revision of Wushu standardization.The personnel training and selection mechanism should be constructed to promote the development of Wushu standardization at home and abroad.Last but not least, it should coordinate with the intellectual property strategy, supported by system theory and synergetic theory.
Abstract：
From the perspectives of literature and archaeological interaction, Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties (including Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties) are the most prosperous periods of ancient Chinese chariot driving, The phenomenon of Bridles grouping and horses dancing is an important symbol of Chinese sports civilizations one.Charioteer mainly controls the horses through bridles, titles and whips, and "six Jie" and "five Yu" are the basic skills for chariot-driving learners.During the cultural evolution from the chariot driving methods (the basic principles and methods of chariot driving), the chariot driving techniques (the skills of the martial chariot driving), chariot driving rituals (the regulations of rituals in chariot driving) to the chariot driving theory (the political metaphor of chariot driving), its ethic, ecological and cultural elements in the sport of Yu (chariot driving), with its specific activities involving into the political metaphor context, have been unprecedentedly demonstrated and released, though its practice as a physical behavior gradually have been weakening.
From the perspectives of literature and archaeological interaction, Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties (including Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties) are the most prosperous periods of ancient Chinese chariot driving, The phenomenon of Bridles grouping and horses dancing is an important symbol of Chinese sports civilizations one.Charioteer mainly controls the horses through bridles, titles and whips, and "six Jie" and "five Yu" are the basic skills for chariot-driving learners.During the cultural evolution from the chariot driving methods (the basic principles and methods of chariot driving), the chariot driving techniques (the skills of the martial chariot driving), chariot driving rituals (the regulations of rituals in chariot driving) to the chariot driving theory (the political metaphor of chariot driving), its ethic, ecological and cultural elements in the sport of Yu (chariot driving), with its specific activities involving into the political metaphor context, have been unprecedentedly demonstrated and released, though its practice as a physical behavior gradually have been weakening.
Abstract：
This study, with the methods of literature analysis and system analysis, explored the technical and tactical knowledge representation, the platform reasoning mechanism and the resource library structure of the sports event, the link of research & development platform.And it also constructed the research-training-learning platform.The results showed that the technical and tactical knowledge can be divided into two categories:explicit and implicit.The former is represented by object-oriented method while the latter by artificial neural network method.The reasoning mechanism of the research-training-learning platform consisted of relevance, converse, neural network and decision tree.The resource base is composed of the dynamic database, the game information database, the competitor information base, the analysis database, the literature database and the software library.The application showed that the platform integrated a variety of information and software resources, thus it can provide an effective decision support for teaching, training and research.
This study, with the methods of literature analysis and system analysis, explored the technical and tactical knowledge representation, the platform reasoning mechanism and the resource library structure of the sports event, the link of research & development platform.And it also constructed the research-training-learning platform.The results showed that the technical and tactical knowledge can be divided into two categories:explicit and implicit.The former is represented by object-oriented method while the latter by artificial neural network method.The reasoning mechanism of the research-training-learning platform consisted of relevance, converse, neural network and decision tree.The resource base is composed of the dynamic database, the game information database, the competitor information base, the analysis database, the literature database and the software library.The application showed that the platform integrated a variety of information and software resources, thus it can provide an effective decision support for teaching, training and research.
Abstract：
The experiment used elite male weightlifters as subjects and tried to influence their training results with qualified therapists and standard Gua Sha skills.The findings show that the traditional Chinese Gua Sha therapy can improve the weightlifting training, reduce the rate of perceived exertion and anxiety, enhance the heart rate variability moderation, decrease the level of creatine kinase in the meanwhile increase the volume of stimulating immunoglobulin thus to improve their immune functions.The analysis of the correlation of domain of physical scraping therapy and muscle fatigue from the physical training proves that the Chinese Gua Sha therapy has a positive curative effect on the rehabilitation and good performance in weightlifting training.
The experiment used elite male weightlifters as subjects and tried to influence their training results with qualified therapists and standard Gua Sha skills.The findings show that the traditional Chinese Gua Sha therapy can improve the weightlifting training, reduce the rate of perceived exertion and anxiety, enhance the heart rate variability moderation, decrease the level of creatine kinase in the meanwhile increase the volume of stimulating immunoglobulin thus to improve their immune functions.The analysis of the correlation of domain of physical scraping therapy and muscle fatigue from the physical training proves that the Chinese Gua Sha therapy has a positive curative effect on the rehabilitation and good performance in weightlifting training.
Abstract：
The study conducted the intervention training of 12-week core strength and jumping ability of 18 male players and 16 female players in Shanghai Junior Basketball Team, and compared the pre-test and post-test data as well.The results find that the physical ability of male players showed a significant difference while an obviously significant difference for female players.After the intervention training, there existed an obviously significant lowering and significant lowering of the gravity center for male and female players, respectively, with a higher success of the defense against the breakthrough of the opponents.The study suggests that the training of core strength and jumping can improve the players' dynamic stability, agility and explosive levels, thus to keep the positioning of their low center of gravity, which helps to complete the breakthrough or defense against the breakthrough of the opponents.
The study conducted the intervention training of 12-week core strength and jumping ability of 18 male players and 16 female players in Shanghai Junior Basketball Team, and compared the pre-test and post-test data as well.The results find that the physical ability of male players showed a significant difference while an obviously significant difference for female players.After the intervention training, there existed an obviously significant lowering and significant lowering of the gravity center for male and female players, respectively, with a higher success of the defense against the breakthrough of the opponents.The study suggests that the training of core strength and jumping can improve the players' dynamic stability, agility and explosive levels, thus to keep the positioning of their low center of gravity, which helps to complete the breakthrough or defense against the breakthrough of the opponents.
Abstract：
This paper, by adopting the methods of questionnaire, statistics and mathematical modeling, designs and builds a physical fitness risk pre-warning model for the civil servants in Shanghai.Based on the cluster analysis and stratifying analysis of the sample data, it then explores the deviation both individually and collectively.The results show that the single-indicator risk assessment and the general-indicator risk assessment of the civil servants' physical fitness have a high goodness of fit under the condition of gender clustering and age stratifying, with an obvious group deviation though. Besides, there is an ideal distribution of the large sample's risk pre-warning value with a good convergence, which can effectively describe civil servants' health risk pre-warning degree, showing the effectiveness of this pre-warning model.
This paper, by adopting the methods of questionnaire, statistics and mathematical modeling, designs and builds a physical fitness risk pre-warning model for the civil servants in Shanghai.Based on the cluster analysis and stratifying analysis of the sample data, it then explores the deviation both individually and collectively.The results show that the single-indicator risk assessment and the general-indicator risk assessment of the civil servants' physical fitness have a high goodness of fit under the condition of gender clustering and age stratifying, with an obvious group deviation though. Besides, there is an ideal distribution of the large sample's risk pre-warning value with a good convergence, which can effectively describe civil servants' health risk pre-warning degree, showing the effectiveness of this pre-warning model.
Abstract：
Objective to explore the effect of different mechanical stimulation on TGF-β/Smad pathway and bone formation in type 2 diabetes mellitic mice.
Method T2DM mice, built by high-fat diet and injection STZ, were randomly divided into T2DM control group (T2DM), T2DM swimming group (TS) and T2DM downhill group (TD), and also normal control group.The mice of TS and TD group were respectively treated with 8 weeks of swimming and downhill running.RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of related factors in the right femur.Western-blotting was used to detect the expression of related factor proteins in the right tibia.BMSCs were cultured and induced to differentiate into OB.Alizarin Red staining was used to stain OB.The skull was stained with Alizarin Red dye.Left femur BMD was detected by Micro-CT.The wet weight and bone shape of right femur were detected by electronic scale and vernier caliper.
Results Compared with ZC group, the mRNA expression of TGF-β, Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, Runx2 and Osx and the protein expression of p-Smad2, p-Smad3 and Smad4 in TC group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).The bone formation capacity of OB and skull, bone mineral density of trabecular and cortical and also the morphological size of femur were significantly decreased.Compared with TC group, the mRNA expression of TGF-β, Osx and the protein expression of p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 were significantly up-regulated in TS group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).The osteoblastic ability of OB and skull was significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01);the wet weight of femur was improved (P < 0.01).The mRNA expression of TGF-β, Smad2, Runx2 and Osx and protein expression of p-Smad2, p-Smad3 and Smad4 were significantly up-regulated in TD group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).The osteoblastic capacity of OB and skull, BMD of trabecular, wet weight of the femur, the width of the distal coronal axis of the femur and the sagittal axis of the distal femur were significantly increased (P < 0.01).Compared with TS group, the mRNA expression of Smad2 and Osx and protein expression of p-Smad2, p-Smad3 and Smad4 of TD group were improved (P < 0.05).The osteoblastic ability of OB and skull was enhanced and the width of sagittal axis of femur was significantly increased (P < 0.05).
Conclusion Bone formation in T2DM mice was inhibited.The direct effect of downhill running on bone formation in T2DM mice was improved by activating TGF-β/Smad pathway, promoting bone formation, increasing BMD, and improving bone wet weight and shape, and its effect was superior to the indirect force generated by swimming.
Abstract：
Objectives To explore the effect of heavy load exercise on the mitophagy protein expression of PINK1 and Parkin in skeletal muscle of rats, and to analyze the role of PINK1/Parkin pathway in exercise-induced mitochondrial damage in skeletal muscles.
Methods Forty-eight male adult SD rats were randomly divided into quiet control group (C group, n=8) and exercise group (E group, n=40).Among them, E group was further divided into 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72h sub-groups(n=8) according to the time point.Rats in the E group performed a running on a treadmill down a 16° incline at 16m/min for 90 min, and at each time point the soleus muscle was collected under anesthesia.Mitochondrial ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle were observed by a transmission electron microscope.The content of quantitative enzyme citrate synthase(CS) was measured by ELISA; Protein expression of skeletal muscle PINK1 and mitochondrial Parkin and LC3 were detected by Western blot.
Results After heavy load exercise, the mitochondrial structure appeared the typical abnormal changes such as swelling and accumulating under cell membrane, and formed a large number of mitophagosomes which were in different stages of maturity.The content of CS was significantly decreased, and the protein expression of PINK1, Parkin and LC3 were significantly elevated (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).
Conclusion After a heavy load exercise, the structure and quantity of mitochondria in skeletal muscle were impaired, and a large number of mitophagosomes were formed.The mechanism of skeletal muscle damage caused by heavy load exercise may be related to the activation of PINK1/Parkin pathway and the further initiating overactive mitophagy.